Evidence shows death penalty saves lives

[sandman]

http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/us/18deter.html


For the first time in a generation, the question of whether the death penalty deters murders has captured the attention of scholars in law and economics, setting off an intense new debate about one of the central justifications for capital punishment.

According to roughly a dozen recent studies, executions save lives. For each inmate put to death, the studies say, 3 to 18 murders are prevented.

The effect is most pronounced, according to some studies, in Texas and other states that execute condemned inmates relatively often and relatively quickly.

The studies, performed by economists in the past decade, compare the number of executions in different jurisdictions with homicide rates over time ? while trying to eliminate the effects of crime rates, conviction rates and other factors ? and say that murder rates tend to fall as executions rise. One influential study looked at 3,054 counties over two decades.

?I personally am opposed to the death penalty,? said H. Naci Mocan, an economist at Louisiana State University and an author of a study finding that each execution saves five lives. ?But my research shows that there is a deterrent effect.?

The studies have been the subject of sharp criticism, much of it from legal scholars who say that the theories of economists do not apply to the violent world of crime and punishment. Critics of the studies say they are based on faulty premises, insufficient data and flawed methodologies.

The death penalty ?is applied so rarely that the number of homicides it can plausibly have caused or deterred cannot reliably be disentangled from the large year-to-year changes in the homicide rate caused by other factors,? John J. Donohue III, a law professor at Yale with a doctorate in economics, and Justin Wolfers, an economist at the University of Pennsylvania, wrote in the Stanford Law Review in 2005. ?The existing evidence for deterrence,? they concluded, ?is surprisingly fragile.?

Gary Becker, who won the Nobel Prize in economics in 1992 and has followed the debate, said the current empirical evidence was ?certainly not decisive? because ?we just don?t get enough variation to be confident we have isolated a deterrent effect.?

But, Mr. Becker added, ?the evidence of a variety of types ? not simply the quantitative evidence ? has been enough to convince me that capital punishment does deter and is worth using for the worst sorts of offenses.?

The debate, which first gained significant academic attention two years ago, reprises one from the 1970?s, when early and since largely discredited studies on the deterrent effect of capital punishment were discussed in the Supreme Court?s decision to reinstitute capital punishment in 1976 after a four-year moratorium.

The early studies were inconclusive, Justice Potter Stewart wrote for three justices in the majority in that decision. But he nonetheless concluded that ?the death penalty undoubtedly is a significant deterrent.?

The Supreme Court now appears to have once again imposed a moratorium on executions as it considers how to assess the constitutionality of lethal injections. The decision in that case, which is expected next year, will be much narrower than the one in 1976, and the new studies will probably not play any direct role in it.

But the studies have started to reshape the debate over capital punishment and to influence prominent legal scholars.

?The evidence on whether it has a significant deterrent effect seems sufficiently plausible that the moral issue becomes a difficult one,? said Cass R. Sunstein, a law professor at the University of Chicago who has frequently taken liberal positions. ?I did shift from being against the death penalty to thinking that if it has a significant deterrent effect it?s probably justified.?

Professor Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule, a law professor at Harvard, wrote in their own Stanford Law Review article that ?the recent evidence of a deterrent effect from capital punishment seems impressive, especially in light of its ?apparent power and unanimity,? ? quoting a conclusion of a separate overview of the evidence in 2005 by Robert Weisberg, a law professor at Stanford, in the Annual Review of Law and Social Science.

?Capital punishment may well save lives,? the two professors continued. ?Those who object to capital punishment, and who do so in the name of protecting life, must come to terms with the possibility that the failure to inflict capital punishment will fail to protect life.?

To a large extent, the participants in the debate talk past one another because they work in different disciplines.

?You have two parallel universes ? economists and others,? said Franklin E. Zimring, a law professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and the author of ?The Contradictions of American Capital Punishment.? Responding to the new studies, he said, ?is like learning to waltz with a cloud.?

To economists, it is obvious that if the cost of an activity rises, the amount of the activity will drop.

?To say anything else is to brand yourself an imbecile,? said Professor Wolfers, an author of the Stanford Law Review article criticizing the death penalty studies.

To many economists, then, it follows inexorably that there will be fewer murders as the likelihood of execution rises.

?I am definitely against the death penalty on lots of different grounds,? said Joanna M. Shepherd, a law professor at Emory with a doctorate in economics who wrote or contributed to several studies. ?But I do believe that people respond to incentives.?

[sandman]

But not everyone agrees that potential murderers know enough or can think clearly enough to make rational calculations. And the chances of being caught, convicted, sentenced to death and executed are in any event quite remote. Only about one in 300 homicides results in an execution.

?I honestly think it?s a distraction,? Professor Wolfers said. ?The debate here is over whether we kill 60 guys or not. The food stamps program is much more important.?

The studies try to explain changes in the murder rate over time, asking whether the use of the death penalty made a difference. They look at the experiences of states or counties, gauging whether executions at a given time seemed to affect the murder rate that year, the year after or at some other later time. And they try to remove the influence of broader social trends like the crime rate generally, the effectiveness of the criminal justice system, economic conditions and demographic changes.

Critics say the larger factors are impossible to disentangle from whatever effects executions may have. They add that the new studies? conclusions are skewed by data from a few anomalous jurisdictions, notably Texas, and by a failure to distinguish among various kinds of homicide.

There is also a classic economics question lurking in the background, Professor Wolfers said. ?Capital punishment is very expensive,? he said, ?so if you choose to spend money on capital punishment you are choosing not to spend it somewhere else, like policing.?

A single capital litigation can cost more than $1 million. It is at least possible that devoting that money to crime prevention would prevent more murders than whatever number, if any, an execution would deter.

The recent studies are, some independent observers say, of good quality, given the limitations of the available data.

?These are sophisticated econometricians who know how to do multiple regression analysis at a pretty high level,? Professor Weisberg of Stanford said.

The economics studies are, moreover, typically published in peer-reviewed journals, while critiques tend to appear in law reviews edited by students.

The available data is nevertheless thin, mostly because there are so few executions.

In 2003, for instance, there were more than 16,000 homicides but only 153 death sentences and 65 executions.

?It seems unlikely,? Professor Donohue and Professor Wolfers concluded in their Stanford article, ?that any study based only on recent U.S. data can find a reliable link between homicide and execution rates.?

The two professors offered one particularly compelling comparison. Canada has executed no one since 1962. Yet the murder rates in the United States and Canada have moved in close parallel since then, including before, during and after the four-year death penalty moratorium in the United States in the 1970s.

If criminals do not clearly respond to the slim possibility of an execution, another study suggested, they are affected by the kind of existence they will face in their state prison system.

A 2003 paper by Lawrence Katz, Steven D. Levitt and Ellen Shustorovich published in The American Law and Economics Review found a ?a strong and robust negative relationship? between prison conditions, as measured by the number of deaths in prison from any cause, and the crime rate. The effect is, the authors say, ?quite large: 30-100 violent crimes and a similar number or property crimes? were deterred per prison death.

On the other hand, the authors found, ?there simply does not appear to be enough information in the data on capital punishment to reliably estimate a deterrent effect.?

There is a lesson here, according to some scholars.

?Deterrence cannot be achieved with a half-hearted execution program,? Professor Shepherd of Emory wrote in the Michigan Law Review in 2005. She found a deterrent effect in only those states that executed at least nine people between 1977 and 1996.

Professor Wolfers said the answer to the question of whether the death penalty deterred was ?not unknowable in the abstract,? given enough data.

?If I was allowed 1,000 executions and 1,000 exonerations, and I was allowed to do it in a random, focused way,? he said, ?I could probably give you an answer.?

[fuckin crazy]

To a turd without a brain

[Booker Floyd]

The death penalty ?is applied so rarely that the number of homicides it can plausibly have caused or deterred cannot reliably be disentangled from the large year-to-year changes in the homicide rate caused by other factors,? John J. Donohue III, a law professor at Yale with a doctorate in economics, and Justin Wolfers, an economist at the University of Pennsylvania, wrote in the Stanford Law Review in 2005. ?The existing evidence for deterrence,? they concluded, ?is surprisingly fragile.?

But not everyone agrees that potential murderers know enough or can think clearly enough to make rational calculations.

The most reasonable portions of the article.

[sandman]

The death penalty ?is applied so rarely that the number of homicides it can plausibly have caused or deterred cannot reliably be disentangled from the large year-to-year changes in the homicide rate caused by other factors,? John J. Donohue III, a law professor at Yale with a doctorate in economics, and Justin Wolfers, an economist at the University of Pennsylvania, wrote in the Stanford Law Review in 2005. ?The existing evidence for deterrence,? they concluded, ?is surprisingly fragile.?

But not everyone agrees that potential murderers know enough or can think clearly enough to make rational calculations.

The most reasonable portions of the article.

i disagree. those portions are simply in line with your opinion of the death penalty. i wouldn't call them the "most reasonable." 

someone who favors the death penalty could easily point to the numerous comments that support the idea of it being a deterrent.

[The Dog]

The death penalty ?is applied so rarely that the number of homicides it can plausibly have caused or deterred cannot reliably be disentangled from the large year-to-year changes in the homicide rate caused by other factors,? John J. Donohue III, a law professor at Yale with a doctorate in economics, and Justin Wolfers, an economist at the University of Pennsylvania, wrote in the Stanford Law Review in 2005. ?The existing evidence for deterrence,? they concluded, ?is surprisingly fragile.?

But not everyone agrees that potential murderers know enough or can think clearly enough to make rational calculations.

The most reasonable portions of the article.

i disagree. those portions are simply in line with your opinion of the death penalty. i wouldn't call them the "most reasonable." 

look who you're talking to though...   


good article, thanks for posting.

[SLCPUNK]

Oh, now the NY Times is worth reading huh?

 

[pilferk]

Do I think it's a deterrent?  I don't think it hurts, certainly, in that respect.  I'm not sure it's a deterrent in EVERY case, or even a LOT of cases.  But, to me, if it's a deterent even 20% of the time....it's doing it's job.

But from a practical standpoint, I completely agree with the death penalty, especially in particularly heinous crimes commited by particularly heinous criminals.  Not because it's a deterrent...to me any ability in that regard is simply an added "bonus"....but because it's impractical to keep those people alive.  Sounds callous, I know.  But, quite frankly, the resources used to "support" those people could be better used in other ways by society, IMHO.

I think the use of the death penalty, in many states, is a bit too frequent, a bit too judicious.  But it has it's time and place.

[The Dog]

its hard to measure if its a deterrent as well.

how many people are going to say "yeah, i was going to rape, torture and kill my neighbor, but then I thought about the death penalty.

I doubt thats information a lot of people are going to come forward with.

[BlowUpYourVideo]

executions save lives.

That just sounds bizarre.

[*Timothy*]

executions save lives.

That just sounds bizarre.

It is quiet the Oxymoron.

[The Dog]

executions save lives.

That just sounds bizarre.

so does the concept of putting out forest fires by setting other fires, or fighting disease and viruses with vaccines made up of the same virus....

but it works.

[Axl4Prez2004]

Oh, now the NY Times is worth reading huh?

 

^ Ha, nice one.   

Seriously, I'll bet you my left nut that if you had some magical hypothetical ability to speak with a person just before they killed somebody, and asked them if they know what their state's law is on capital punishment, maybe 1 in 10 would know.

I cry bullshit.  Capital punishment is a pussy's way out.

Take these murderers and molesters and do with them what I recommended a long time ago.  To shorten it up a bit, let's just say the spartan conditions I've recommended, which include life long isolation, bland sustenance, and zero communication with the world outside of their cell...trust me, they'd be begging for death. 

On this issue, fuck the ACLU, fuck the pro-death advocates, and fuck the namby-pamby bastards who have allowed televisions, weights, and books into cells to give entertainment to the scum of the earth.

[The Dog]

nah, just fry them.  why even let them enjoy the privilege of breathing?

[Booker Floyd]

nah, just fry them.  why even let them enjoy the privilege of breathing?

The intellectual cousin to "Turn it into a parking lot"; it makes me wonder why you make such a habit of mocking modern Republicanism. 

[sandman]

Oh, now the NY Times is worth reading huh?

 

are you trying to suggest that i ever stated it wasn't???

[The Dog]

nah, just fry them.  why even let them enjoy the privilege of breathing?

The intellectual cousin to "Turn it into a parking lot"; it makes me wonder why you make such a habit of mocking modern Republicanism. 

to be read "you don't agree with me or my opinion so therefore you must be totally wrong" 

Zzzzz

[sandman]

nah, just fry them.? why even let them enjoy the privilege of breathing?

The intellectual cousin to "Turn it into a parking lot"; it makes me wonder why you make such a habit of mocking modern Republicanism.?

why do you have a problem with people looking at issues with an open mind? isn't that more "intellectual" than just letting politicians decide for you and following the party line?

[SamBob1]

Well, I thought the death penalty helped us all save a little money... not really "save lives."XDD

[SLCPUNK]

Oh, now the NY Times is worth reading huh?

 

are you trying to suggest that i ever stated it wasn't???

I'm more than trying...